Geographic Information Systems
Data model (GIS) A data model in geographic information systems is a mathematical construct for representing geographic objects or surfaces as data The five steps in the analysis process are:
- Frame the question
- Explore and prepare data
- Choose analysis methods and tools
- Perform the analysis
- Examine and refine results
Improved Communication
GIS-based maps and visualizations greatly assist in understanding situations and in storytelling. They are a type of language that improves communication between different teams, departments, disciplines, professional fields, organizations, and the public. Michels Corporation improved collaboration and communication with GIS
Better Record Keeping
Many organizations have a primary responsibility of maintaining authoritative records about the status and change of geography. GIS provides a strong framework for managing these types of records
Managing Geographically
GIS is becoming essential to understanding what is happening and what will happen in geographic space. Once we understand, we can prescribe action. This new approach to management—managing geographically—is transforming the way organizations operate.
Defining Spatial Analysis?
** • Longley et all.** 2005: Spatial analysis is a set of methods whose results change when the locations of the objects being analyzed change
• Perspective : Analytical toolset that takes into account the spatial frame
The true value of GIS lies in their ability to analyze spatial data using the techniques of spatial analysis. Spatial analysis provides the valueadded products from existing datasets"
Cost benefit:
GIS benefits organizations of all sizes and in almost every industry. There is a growing interest in and awareness of the economic and strategic value of GIS.
GIS is widely used to optimize maintenance schedules and daily fleet movements. Typical implementations can result in a savings of 10 to 30 percent in operational expenses through reduction in fuel use and staff time, improved customer service, and more efficient scheduling.
Better Decision Making
GIS is the go-to technology for making better decisions about location. Common examples include real estate site selection, route/corridor selection, evacuation planning, conservation, natural resource extraction, etc. Making correct decisions about location is critical to the success of an organization.
Usage of Renewable Energy sources
Usage of Renewable Energy sources Solar energy: Using the solar Tank, it consists of surfaces that collects solar beams and convert them into energy and it can be used in many fields as:
Agricultural green hose and drying fruits
Thermal energy for warmness and heating of water
Generating of electricity by steam
Charging of batteries
Lightening
Wind energy:
Wind power is one of the most mature and cost-effective renewable energy technology
Wind turbines come in a huge range of sizes, from 50W to 8MW capacity
Global wind capacity more than doubled to over 487GW, from 2010 to 2016
Wind turbines supplied 3.7% of global electricity in 2015
Most grid-connected wind turbines are installed in groups or wind farms. Installing a large group of turbines reduces the average installation and operating cost, but can make them very visible in the landscape
Wind power can also bring economic benefits when a community invests in a local wind farm
Wind turbines use blades shaped like aircraft wings, mounted on a central shaft. The force of the wind turns the blades, converting the energy of the wind into mechanical energy of the rotating shaft. This shaft is then used to turn a generator to produce electricity, or to operate a mechanical pump or grinding mill. Most modern wind turbines are used for electricity generation.
The future:
From 2015 to 2016, global installed wind capacity increased 13% to 487 GW. In 2015, wind power supplied 3.7% of global electricity. Wind power supplied 11% of the UK's electricity in 2015. The UK has the largest wind resource in Europe, with an economic potential of 4,400 TWh/year by 2030.
Mainly,This renewable energy saves the consumption of electricity and the crude oil. It has lower cost than the electricity and it doesn't need for periodical maintenance or it may cost very non recognizable fees, the important point here is that it doesn't pollute the environment. The world is looking forward to using it due to the global warming and increasing of environmental pollutant.
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استخدام مصادر الطاقة المتجددة
الطاقة الشمسية:
ـ استخدام الخزان الشمسي، وهو عبارة عن أسطح تجمع أشعة الشمس وتقوم بتحويلها إلى طاقة، ويمكن استخدام هذه الطاقة في كثير من المجالات كالآتي:
ـ تستخدم في الصوب الزراعية وتجفيف الثمار.
ـ طاقة حرارية للتدفئة وتسخين المياه.
ـ توليد الكهرباء بالبخار.
ـ شحن البطاريات.
ـ الإنارة.
طاقة الرياح:
هذه الطاقة المتجددة توفر استهلاك الكهرباء والوقود الحفري بشكل كبير كما أنها أرخص من الكهرباء من حيث التكلفة ولا تحتاج إلى دورات صيانة أو تكون صيانتها ذات تكلفة لا تذكر، والأهم من ذلك أنها لا تلوث البيئة، كما أن العالم يتجه لاستخدامها نظراً لارتفاع الاحتباس الحراري وزيادة نسب التلوث البيئية.
Good Manufacturing Practice
GMP" Good manufacturing practice
It specifies the production and tests dimensions that affect the product quality and to preserve the health of living organisms and to produce new types of effective products, it can be applied by using the following factors.
Personnel performance:
The personnel has to put in consideration that his performance is directly reflects on the quality of the product and this performance resembles added value to it
The workers should be high qualified and well trained that they can be flexible to use the GMP.
Buildings, equipments, and appliances
Insure the expiry of buildings, eq and tools and do periodical maintains
Appliances and tools should fit for the usage criteria and unable to be eroded that facilitates the cleaning process and to assure non-occurrence of damage the manufactured products
The Quality censorship and quality adjustment
Provision of written information for production routes and adjustment for quality for the manufacturing process
Inspection and clean assurance for the manufacturing areas and conform that a report is written before initiating the manufacturing process
The censorship makes sure that the product has unique quality, safe, and the required quality by doing tests on samples and to assure of similarity of product to the standard specifications
ممارسات التصنيع الجيد
**هي التي تحدد جوانب الإنتاج والإختبار التي يمكن أن تؤثر على جودة المنتج والحفاظ على صحة الكائنات الحية وكذلك إنتاج نوعية جديدة من المنتجات الفعالة، وتقوم على عدة عوامل أهمها:
ـ يجب أن يأخذ العامل في اعتباره أن أداؤه الوظيفى ينعكس بصورة مباشرة على جودة المنتج وأن هذا الأداء يمثل قيمة مضافة للمنتج.
الأداء الوظيفى:
ـ لابد أن يكون العاملين على مستوى من الخبرة والتدريب بما يؤهلهم لسلاسة استخدام ممارسات التصنيع الجيد.
المباني والمعدات والأجهزة:
ـ المحافظة على صلاحية المباني والأجهزة والمعدات والقيام بعمل نظافة وصيانة دورية لكل منهم.
ـ يجب أن تكون الأجهزة والمعدات ملائمة لأغراض استخدامها وغير قابلة للصدأ مما يسهل عملية تنظيفها وضمان عدم حدوث تلف للمنتجات المصنعة.
ـ توفير معلومات مكتوبة لطرق الإنتاج وضبط الجودة للعملية التصنيعية.
ـ التفتيش والتحقق من نظافة أماكن التصنيع والتأكد من وجود تقرير للنظافة قبل البدء بالعملية التصنيعية.
ـ تأكُّد الرقابة من أنَّ المنتج يتميز بالنوعية والسلامة والجودة المطلوبة وذلك عن طريق إجراء اللإختبارات اللازمة على العينات والتحقق من مطابقة المنتج للمواصفات القياسية.
Cost Saving
Cost Saving
ـ Smart E-mail reply:
This technology plays an important role in saving
costs as it is automatic replay on the expected inquiries of customers for such so it reduces time and effort for customer service department and it is important for companies "HR " sector in recruitment of few customer servi
ce employees, therefore the employees' salaries are decreased.
ـ Cloud computing:
ـCloud computing is a method for delivering information technology (IT) services in which resources are retrieved from the Internet through web-based tools and applications, as opposed to a direct connection to a server. Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device, cloud-based storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the data and the software programs to run it.
ـIt's called cloud computing because the information being accessed is found in "the cloud" and does not require a user to be in a specific place to gain access to it. This type of system allows employees to work remotely. Companies providing cloud services enable users to store files and applications on remote servers, and then access all the data via the internet.
Different Types of Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing is not a single piece of technology, like a microchip or a cell phone. Rather, it's a system, primarily comprised of three services: infrastructure as a service (IaaS),
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
ـ Is turning out to be a great financial saver for SMBs (small and medium-sized businesses) and SOHO (small office/home office users) which would like to enjoy higher computational speeds and efficiency for less money and energy.
No Upfront Investments
Fully Hardware Utilization
Low Power Costs
Reduced Workforce
Redundancy